Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton, 1822)

Freshwater, Brackish, Marine, Threatened

Male pursues a slow-moving female and upon catching up with the female, will begin shuddering from side to side while the pair is oriented parallel to each other; the pair positions themselves close to submerged vegetation; male assumes a slight head-down position , with his anal fin curled under the female"quot;s vent; the pair begins trembling until a single large egg is released; each female produces about a dozen eggs per day; eggs hatch in about a week; no parental care . Yamamoto, M.N. and A.W. Tagawa 2000 Hawai"i"s native and exotic freshwater animals. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawaii. 200 p.

Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Camallanus Infection 6. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ; Contracaecum Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ; Gnathostoma Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ; Isoparorchis Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ; Pallisentis Infestation 4. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ; Paragendria Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ; Procamallanus Infection 9. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.) ;

Clear rivers, tributaries, rivulet channels, wetlands, sandy streams

Habitat pelagic-neritic; amphidromous ; freshwater; brackish; marine; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 20; depth range 0 - 2 m

IUCN Redlist Category: Least Concern

Not Evaluated IUCN 2006

fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: potential; price category: high; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family