Classification of Jungermanniales: Jungermanniales Anacrogynae Jungermanniales Acrogynae

Classification of Jungermanniales
on the basis of position of archegonia
Jungermanniales Anacrogynae Jungermanniales Acrogynae

• Apical cell is not involved in the formation • Apical cell is involved in the formation
of archegonia of archegonia
• Archegonia and hence, the sporophyte are
• Archegonia and hence, sporophyte is
borne on the dorsal surface, located some
terminal in position (borne at the apex
distance behind the apex of the plant
of shoot)
body)
• Apical growth stops after formation of
• Branch continues to grow even after
formation of archegonia archegonia.
Eg: Pellia, Sphaerocarpus • Eg: Leafy liverworts like Porella

(Metzgeriales) • (Jungermanniales)
Systematic Position
• Division: Bryophyta
• Class: Hepaticopsida
• Order: Metzgeriales
• Family: Pelliaceae
• Genus: Pellia
• Common species: P. epiphylla, P. columbiana

Metzgeriales (Simple thalloids)
• Jungermanniales Anacrogynae: apical cell does not form the archegonium
• Usually thalloid
• Little histological differentiation of thallus
• Rhizoids: smooth walled

• Scales are often absent
• Archegonia neck is as broad as venter
• Capsule wall is multilayered (2-5 layers)
• Comprise a much larger number of liverworts

General Morphology
• Plant body: gametophyte, thalloid, prostrate, dorsiventral, dichotomously
branched
• Growing point is situated in apical notch
• Margins of thallus are sinuous
• Dorsal surface – indistinct midrib
• Ventral surface – unicellular, smooth walled rhizoids (borne in the region of

midrib)
• Tuberculate rhizoids absent
• Scales absent
Anatomy
• Very simple internal structure of thallus,

consisting of parenchymatous cells
– Midrib portion is composed of layer of 8-16 cells thick,
– Marginal regions (wings): single cell layered thick

– Upper cell layers of midrib and wings contain abundant
chloroplasts
– Cells contain starch , some contain oil
Asexual reproduction
• Fragmentation
• Adventitious branches
Sexual Reproduction
• Monoecious or dioecious
• Antheridia borne on dorsal surface of thallus
along the midrib
• Appear as “warts” on dorsal surface, it marks
antheridial cavity that contains a single
antheridium
• Mature antheridium is spherical, attached to
thallus by multicellular stalk
Note the archegonia shape
Groups of 4-12 archegonia develop at the anterior end of thallus near growing
point
An involucre (protective layer) covers and protects the group of archegonia.

Involucre develops from cells of thallus behind the archegonial group.
Short mucilaginous hair is also found along with the archegonial group
• Mature sporophyte consist of foot, seta and capsule
• Foot: parenchymatous cells, conical in shape with edges like a
collar around the basal part of seta
• Seta: regular, longitudinal rows of cells, cells contain starch
• Capsule:
– Globular structure surrounded by jacket of two or more layer of cells, wall
layers contain radial and semi-annular thickening bands in most species
– Elaterophores consist of a bundle of stout fixed elaters, it is present at the
base of the capsule
– Elaters are present along with spores

Dehiscence of Capsule in Pellia
1. Extraordinary elongation of cells of seta
2. Starch in seta cells gets converted into sugars with
simultaneous absorption of water
3. Capsule is pushed through the calyptra
4. Capsule dehisces by splitting in 4 valves along the lines
of dehiscence
5. Spore dispersal is promoted by hygroscopic movements
of elaters and elaterophore.
Dehiscence of Capsule in Marchantia
• Elongation of seta
• The capsule is pushed through the protective coverings of

calyptra, perigynum and perichaetium.
• The exposed capsule starts drying.
• Twisting of elaters create tension inside the capsule
• Jacket of capsule splits longitudinally into a variable umber of

valves. Jerking action of elaters and winds help in spore dispersal.

Classification of Jungermanniales: Jungermanniales Anacrogynae Jungermanniales Acrogynae

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Classification of Jungermanniales

on the basis of position of archegonia

Jungermanniales Anacrogynae Jungermanniales Acrogynae

Eg: Pellia, Sphaerocarpus • Eg: Leafy liverworts like Porella

• Common species: P. epiphylla, P. columbiana

• Rhizoids: smooth walled

• Capsule wall is multilayered (2-5 layers)

• Comprise a much larger number of liverworts

• Margins of thallus are sinuous

• Dorsal surface – indistinct midrib

• Ventral surface – unicellular, smooth walled rhizoids (borne in the region of

• Very simple internal structure of thallus,

– Marginal regions (wings): single cell layered thick

An involucre (protective layer) covers and protects the group of archegonia.

• Foot: parenchymatous cells, conical in shape with edges like a

collar around the basal part of seta

• Seta: regular, longitudinal rows of cells, cells contain starch

layers contain radial and semi-annular thickening bands in most species

– Elaterophores consist of a bundle of stout fixed elaters, it is present at the

base of the capsule

– Elaters are present along with spores

• The capsule is pushed through the protective coverings of

• The exposed capsule starts drying.

• Twisting of elaters create tension inside the capsule

• Jacket of capsule splits longitudinally into a variable umber of

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