Shark and Ray

A PRESENTATION ON
Sharks and Rays
Presented by- Presented to-

1603012 Mohammad Mosarof Hossain
1603042 Assistant Professor,
1603045 Department of Coastal and
1603054 Marine Fisheries,

1603056 Sylhet Agricultural University,
1603057 Sylhet-3100.
1603061
1
Sharks and Rays
 Sharks and rays don’t look similar on the outside, but share a basic
anatomy that classifies them together.
 Class Chondrichthyes include sharks, rays and their close

relatives. They are in the sub-class elasmobranchii.
 Shark and rays are jawed fish, that lack of swimbladder and have
cartilaginous skeletons.
2
Species
 In 2010 a global IUCN study of vertebrates found that of
1,044 cartilaginous( sharks and rays ) species.
 Among them around 440 species of sharks and 600

species of rays.
 They occupy almost marine ecosystem.
3
Special Attributes of Sharks and rays
Sharks and rays have other interesting characteristics-

 Both have lateral lines-lines of sensory organ.
 Unique to sharks and rays is electroreception.
 Sharks and rays have organs called ampulllae of Lorenzini.
 New type of reproduction strategy.
 Shark and rays produce fewer, but
more mature offspring.
 They have no swim bladder.
 They have small placoid scales.
 They have rigid dorsal fin.
4
Anatomy of Sharks
 Shark’s skeleton is made of cartilage and connective tissue

that adapted to habitats, migration,hunting habits,diet helps
the shark stay afloat.
 Gill silts present. Have 5-6 pair of gills silts.
 Teeth shape depends on the shark
diet. And arranged in rows.
 Sharks have 5 pairs of rigid
fins that helps to balance shark
 The sharks jaw is not fused to
braincase and can enlarge to eat
large prey.
 Shark possess hetero cercal caudal fin.
5
Physiology of sharks
Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation is the active
regulation of osmotic pressure
to maintain the homeostatis
of organisms water content.
Thermoregulation
Some sharks display behavioural thermoregulation,
choosing specific habitats or behaviours based on the water
temperature. An example of this is rising to the top during
the safer night hours to digest food faster using less energy.
6
Buoyancy
 Sharks has no swim bladder but some sharks gulp air into the
gut as a very primitive swim bladder .
 Shark reduce sinking by having a big oily liver and light
cartilage skeleton.
Reproduction
 Sexually
 Asexually
sexually asexually 7
Importance of sharks
 Liver
-Contain high amount of vitamin A (helps us see).
- Squalene
-skin rejuvenator
 Cartilage
-Cancer research
 Ecosystem
-Apex predator
-Control diseases
8
Threats of shark
 Great whites face extinction.

 They are being hunted by humans.
 They are hunted for their fins, their meat, and their fat for oil
and for the thrill of it.
 Bottom trawling.
9
Anatomy of rays
 Body and skull of rays are flattened.

 They have a boneless skeleton made of a tough, elastic
cartilage.
 Five ventral slot-like body openings called gill slits that
lead from the gills.
 The anal fin is absent.
 The eyes and spiracles are locatedss
in the top of the head.
 Their tails lack skeletal support and are shorter than their
disc-like bodies.
10
Reproduction of Rays
 Fertilization is internal and involves sexual union of two

individuals.
 During copulation male rays bite the pectoral fins of the

females before aligning themselves, abdomen to abdomen,
inserting one clasper into the female's cloaca.
11
Habitat
 Most species live in deep waters to at least 3,000 meters.
 Rays prefer tropical and sub tropical area.
 Only few rays live in freshwater ,brackish and estuaries.
Feeding
 For crushing the shells of bottom-dwelling
species(oyester,snails,crustacea) they have heavy &
rounded teeth.
 Manta rays feed on plankton.
12
Importance of Rays
 Act as vacuum cleaner of the oceans.

 Maintain food web.
 Structuring benthic communities in many locations.

 Important role in all marine ecosystems, with each species
having its own distinctive niche.
13
Threats to rays
 Habitat destruction
 Climate change
-Changing temperature
 Marine debris
-Ingestion of plastic debris
 Targeted fisheries
 By catch
-Incidental fishing
 Natural predation
 Unregulated tourism
14
Difference between Sharks and Rays
Sharks Rays
1. It is surface feeder. 1. It is bottom feeder.
2. Body is spindle shaped and laterally 2. Body is disc shaped and dorso
compressed. ventrally compressed.
3. Pectoral fins are distinct. 3. Pectoral fins are not distinct.
4. Gill slits are present at the lateral 4. Gill slits are present at the ventral
side of the body. side.
5. Spiracles are not always present. 5. Spiracles are always present.
Ex. Scoliodon Ex. Torpedo
15
Conservation of sharks and rays
 Improve and preserve sustainable sharks and rays fisheries.
 Increase and preserve sharks and rays tourism.
 Develop catch and release sports fishing tourism.
 Stop illegal shark finning, whaling, smuggling.
 Raise public awareness and enhance conservation outreach ,
research based works and education around the world.
Sharks and rays are threatened worldwide so it is the right

time to concern about them and save them
16

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A PRESENTATION ON

Sharks and Rays

Presented by- Presented to-

1603054 Marine Fisheries,

 Class Chondrichthyes include sharks, rays and their close

 Among them around 440 species of sharks and 600

Sharks and rays have other interesting characteristics-

 Shark’s skeleton is made of cartilage and connective tissue

 Great whites face extinction.

 Body and skull of rays are flattened.

 Fertilization is internal and involves sexual union of two

 During copulation male rays bite the pectoral fins of the

 Act as vacuum cleaner of the oceans.

 Structuring benthic communities in many locations.

1. It is surface feeder. 1. It is bottom feeder.

3. Pectoral fins are distinct. 3. Pectoral fins are not distinct.

5. Spiracles are not always present. 5. Spiracles are always present.

Ex. Scoliodon Ex. Torpedo

Sharks and rays are threatened worldwide so it is the right

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