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  • Penaeus Monodon Report

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    Karl Kiwis
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    Penaeus monodon, also known as black tiger shrimp, is the most widely cultured shrimp species in the world. Over 900,000 tonnes are farmed annually, mostly in Southeast Asia. P. monodon has a complex life cycle and is commonly reared in extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive pond systems. Proper management of water quality, feeding, and health is required to achieve optimal growth and harvest yields of 500 to 4,000 kg/ha/yr. Black tiger shrimp farming is an important industry worldwide and major producer countries include Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.

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    Penaeus monodon, also known as black tiger shrimp, is the most widely cultured shrimp species in the world. Over 900,000 tonnes are farmed annually, mostly in Southeast Asia. P. monodon has a complex life cycle and is commonly reared in extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive pond systems. Proper management of water quality, feeding, and health is required to achieve optimal growth and harvest yields of 500 to 4,000 kg/ha/yr. Black tiger shrimp farming is an important industry worldwide and major producer countries include Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.

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    126 views26 pages

    Penaeus Monodon Report

    Uploaded by

    Karl Kiwis
    Penaeus monodon, also known as black tiger shrimp, is the most widely cultured shrimp species in the world. Over 900,000 tonnes are farmed annually, mostly in Southeast Asia. P. monodon has a complex life cycle and is commonly reared in extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive pond systems. Proper management of water quality, feeding, and health is required to achieve optimal growth and harvest yields of 500 to 4,000 kg/ha/yr. Black tiger shrimp farming is an important industry worldwide and major producer countries include Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.

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    of 26

    Penaeus Monodon

    (Black Tiger Shrimp)


    Heinrich Basi
    Myra Fe Benaldo
    Adonis Victor Corpuz
    Kristeen Kiw-is
    Princess Raguindin
    Introduction
    Penaeus monodon (common names include giant tiger prawn, black tiger
    prawn, leader prawn, sugpo and grass prawn) is a marine crustacean that is
    widely reared for food.
    Penaeus monodon is the mostly widely cultured prawn species in the world.
    Over 900,000 tonnes are consumed annually, two-thirds of it coming from
    farming, chiefly in South-East Asia.
    Classification
    Kingdom: Animalia
    Phylum: Arthropoda
    Subphylum: Crustacea
    Class: Malacostraca
    Order: Decapoda
    Suborder: Dendrobranchiata
    Family: Penaeidae
    Genus: Penaeus
    Species: Penaeus monodon
    Common Name: Black Tiger Shrimp
    Life Cycle
    Variety
    Shrimp farming has been practiced for more than a century for food and
    the livelihood of coastal people in some Asian countries, such as Indonesia, the
    Philippines, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand and Vietnam.

    In the year 1988, P. monodon was recognized as the world’s leading


    producer of farm-raised aquatic organisms. Later, the culture of this species
    spread throughout southeast, south Asia, as it can grow-up to a large size (40-
    60g) with high value and demand in the international market.
    Main Producer Countries of Penaeus
    monodon
    On-Growing Techniques
    Extensive
    Commonly found in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines
    and Viet Nam, extensive grow-out of shrimp is conducted in tidal areas where
    water pumping is unnecessary. Ponds with an irregular shape according to land
    boundaries are generally larger than five hectares and easily constructed by
    manual labor for cost reduction. Wild seeds, which either enter the pond
    through the gate by the tide or are purchased from collectors, are usually
    stocked at a density not exceeding 2/.
    Semi-intensive
    Semi-intensive ponds (1-5 ha) are commonly stocked with hatchery-
    produced seeds at the rate of 5 to 20 PL/Water exchange is regularly carried
    out by tide and supplemented by pumping. The shrimp feed on natural foods
    enhanced by pond fertilization, supplemented by artificial diets. Production
    yields range from 500 to 4,000 kg/ha/yr.

    Intensive
    Intensive farms are commonly located in non-tidal areas where ponds can
    be completely drained and dried before each stocking. Ponds are generally
    small (0.1 to 1.0 ha) with a square or rectangular shape. Stocking density
    ranges from 20 to 60 PL/. Heavy aeration, either powered by diesel engines or
    electric motors is necessary. Feeding with artificial diets is carried out 4-5 times
    per day followed by feed tray checking.
    Important Terms in the Ideal Location for Grow-out
    Culture Pond
    • Soil material • Pond site
    • Soil quality • Water source
    • Soil gaseous • Water quality

    *Culture Period – 157 days


    *Temperature- 26 to 32
    *Salinity- 34 to 35 ppt
    Different Color of Water in Shrimp
    Culture Pond

    Clear water with benthic Ideal green coloured Clear water with
    algae at bottom water after fertilization floating benthic algae
    Pond Fertilization
    For better growth of algae the pond is fertilized with chicken dung or
    manure. This is apply to the dry pond bottom at the rate of 350 kg/ha. The
    chicken manure should be dried and not treated with insecticide. If no manure
    is available, inorganic fertilizer can be used: one or two 50 kg bags of 18-46-0
    (NPK) or two or three 50 kg bags of 16-20-0 per ha.

    Pond Watering
    Immediately after fertilization, 3-5 cm of water is let into the pond. After one
    week, the same amount of fertilizer is applied and the water level is raised to
    10-15 cm. Fertilization is repeated after the second week and the water level is
    raised to 20-25 cm. Additional water is added to make up for losses by
    evaporation.
    Pond Stocking
    1. Time and Method of Stocking – morning or early evening
    2. Stocking Rate
    • Traditional method is less than 2.0/ sq. m
    • Semi intensive is 2-4/sq. m
    • Intensive is more than 10/sq. m

    *In the Philippines, a stocking density of 20,000 ha is used by some farmers.


    3. Grow-out Culture Practices
     Water Exchange
    In traditional method of shrimp culture changing water is done every
    high tide; and the depth of pond water should be maintained at 30 to 50
    cm above the pond bottom or 80-100 cm from the peripheral canal
    bottom. For semi-intensive operations, 20 percent of water is changed
    during high tide or water change is done every 3 days with the use of
    water pump. Pond water is maintained at 50 to 75 cm depth.
    Monitoring of Stock and Water Quality
    - Random sample shrimp is collected with a cast net every 15 days.
    - Water temperature and salinity are monitored daily (8:00 am and 5:00
    pm). Water dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate and ammonia are measured
    every seventh day.

    Feeds and Feeding


    - Feeds are given either twice, thrice or four times a day. The rate of
    feeding ranges from 5-10% of the biomass
    Semi-intensive culture
    Supplementary feeds (trash fish, mussel meat, shrimp heads, and other feed
    formulations available in the market) are given two weeks or after a month when the
    natural feeds are almost exhausted.

    Intensive shrimp culture


    Commercial formulated feeds are often used. Feeds are given immediately on the
    start of the cultivation.

    Pond Management
    - Removal of dead shrimp from pond margins.
    Harvesting Techniques

    A. Barrier Trap
    This type is set around the edge of a pond about 2-5 meters from
    the gate. This is used at night. No bait is needed. A small kerosene lamp
    is place on top of the trap to attract the shrimp.
    B. Nets
    Cast net, lift net and seine net can be used to harvest shrimps partially. Bait
    or food are also set for effective harvest.
    Electric Shrimp Catching
    The gear is composed of an accumulator and two bamboo poles. One of the
    poles is equipped with a metal and the other has steel ring with net attached.
    When the gear is switched on, an electric field is formed between the poles,
    on receiving the electric stimulation, the shrimp jump out of the water and are
    caught in the net.
    Bag Net
    Most species of shrimp can be harvested effectively by using the bag
    net placed in the sluice gate and catching the shrimps as they swim out
    with the outflow of the water.
    Post-harvest handling
    The best care for newly harvested prawns is to wash them thoroughly and
    immerse them immediately in chilled water (10 preferably while still alive.
    Those are that picked from the mud should be immediately released in clean
    water to give them the chance of releasing mud and other impurities in the
    gills prior to chilling.
    Transportation
    For transportation of live shrimp farms directly to aquarium tanks in
    restaurants, the shrimp are kept in aerated plastic containers at a
    density of 0.2-0.3 kg/litre of water. The containers are typically placed
    on small pick up trucks with a roof.
    For the export of live shrimp from Thailand to Hongkong and China,
    water temperature is gradually reduced to 16-17 until the shrimp
    become inactive.
    Packaging

    The dormant shrimp are then packed alternately in layers of chilled


    sawdust or polystyrofoam beads in isulated boxes for export by air.
    This dry packing can minimize freight costs and shrimp can survive for
    12-15 hours. Domestic markets mainly require chilled product supplied
    directly form farms or from shrimp markets.
    Diseases and Control Measures
    References

    • Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Penaeus monodon


    (Fabricius,1798). 2006. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
    Nations.
    • Fisheries and Agriculture Organization Manual.2006.
    Thank you for
    Listening ….

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